Movements
Major starting points
Impressionism emerges in the 1860s-1870s around Paris, centered on Claude Monet, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Camille Pissarro, Edgar Degas, Berthe Morisot, and Edouard Manet. The movement breaks with academic instruction by taking the painter out of the studio...
Movements
Post-Impressionism refers to the researches that extend and surpass Impressionism between the 1880s and the beginning of the 20th century. The term was popularized by the critic Roger Fry during the exhibition 'Manet and the Post-Impressionists' in London...
Movements
Cubism takes shape in Paris between 1907 and 1914 around Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque, after the shock of Cézanne, African arts, and Iberian painting. Les Demoiselles d'Avignon, painted by Picasso in 1907, opens a rupture that Braque pro...
Movements
Surrealism was officially born with André Breton's Manifesto in 1924, but it takes root in Dada and in an older fascination for dreams, the unconscious, and automatic writing. The movement gathered poets and plastic artists — B...
MovementsDecor, design and urban modernities
Art Nouveau emerged in the 1890s within a context of urban growth, lithographic posters, new materials, and the reform of decorative arts. The name became established in Paris with the opening of the Galerie de l'Art Nouveau by Siegfried Bing in 1895,...
Movements
Art deco gained momentum in Paris from the 1910s and reached its peak at the 1925 Exposition Internationale des Arts Décoratifs et Industriels Modernes. The movement marked a sharp break from Art nouveau: floral curves gave way to geometric forms...
Movements
Founded in Weimar in 1919 by Walter Gropius, the Bauhaus merged the fine arts school and the school of applied arts in post-war Germany. Its manifesto associates architecture, craft, and industry around a common education. Paul K...
Movements
Pop art developed first in the United Kingdom in the mid-1950s with the Independent Group, then became established in the United States in the early 1960s. Richard Hamilton, Eduardo Paolozzi, Andy Warhol, Roy Lichtenstein, Claes Oldenburg, James Rosenquist, T...
MovementsColour, sensation and forms
Neo-impressionism emerged in Paris in 1886, during the last Impressionist exhibition, when Georges Seurat presented A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte. Around him were Paul Signac, Camille Pissarro, Maximilien Luce, Henri-Edmond Cro...
Movements
Fauvism is publicly unveiled at the 1905 Salon d'Automne, when the canvases of Henri Matisse, André Derain, Maurice de Vlaminck, Albert Marquet, Charles Camoin, Henri Manguin, and Kees van Dongen provoke Louis Vauxcelles's remark: Donatello amongst the fauves...
Movements
Abstraction emerges between 1910 and 1915 as Wassily Kandinsky, Franciszek Kupka, Robert Delaunay, Sonia Delaunay, Piet Mondrian, and Kazimir Malevich gradually detach painting from visible representation. The context is that of the salons of...
Movements
Abstract Expressionism took hold in New York in the 1940s, in the context of European exile, post-war crisis, and the shift of the artistic center to the United States. Jackson Pollock, Willem de Kooning, Mark Rothko, Barnett Newman, Clyff...
Movements
New Realism was founded in Paris on October 27, 1960, around a declaration written by art critic Pierre Restany. Arman, Yves Klein, Jean Tinguely, Daniel Spoerri, Raymond Hains, Jacques Villeglé, François Dufrêne, and Martial Raysse were among the first...
Movements
Art Brut was formulated by Jean Dubuffet starting in 1945, after his research on productions by autodidacts, psychiatric patients, prisoners, or creators set apart from the market. The term designates less a style than a shift...
MovementsAvant-gardes, breaks and radicalities
Dada emerged in Zurich in 1916 at the Cabaret Voltaire, around Hugo Ball, Emmy Hennings, Tristan Tzara, Jean Arp, Sophie Taeuber-Arp, Richard Huelsenbeck, and Marcel Janco. The movement was born in exile and the shock of the First World War: it refuses t...
Movements
Futurism was launched in 1909 by Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, who published the Futurist Manifesto in Le Figaro in Paris. The movement was born in Italy but chose from the outset an international stage to proclaim its cult of speed, modern city,...
Movements
Constructivism emerged in Russia around 1915-1921, following the footsteps of cubo-futurism, abstraction, and the 1917 Revolution. Vladimir Tatlin, Alexandre Rodchenko, Varvara Stepanova, Lioubov Popova, El Lissitzky, and the Stenberg brothers seek...
Movements
Suprematism was founded by Kazimir Malevich in Russia in 1915, around the exhibition 0,10 at Petrograd where the Black Square is placed in the traditional corner of the icon. The movement asserts the supremacy of pure sensitivity over the representation of the o...
Movements
De Stijl emerges in the Netherlands in 1917 around the magazine of the same name founded by Theo van Doesburg. Piet Mondrian, Bart van der Leck, Vilmos Huszár, Gerrit Rietveld, Georges Vantongerloo, and J.J.P. Oud seek a universal language based on the straight line,...
Movements
Minimalism originated in the United States in the early 1960s, particularly in New York, with Donald Judd, Carl Andre, Dan Flavin, Robert Morris, Sol LeWitt, Anne Truitt, and Agnes Martin. The term is applied to artists who reject gestural expressiveness...
Movements
Conceptual art emerged in the 1960s, primarily in the United States and Europe, when the idea became the heart of the work. Joseph Kosuth publishes Art after Philosophy in 1969, Sol LeWitt defines Paragraphs on Conceptual Art in 1967, and...
Movements
Modern art does not correspond to a single school: it designates the vast shift that, from the end of the 19th century to the 1960s, transforms subjects, techniques, and the role of the artist. Paris is one of its major hubs, along with Manet, Cézanne, Matis...
Movements
The French New Wave emerged in French cinema at the end of the 1950s around the critics of Cahiers du cinéma who became filmmakers: François Truffaut, Jean-Luc Godard, Claude Chabrol, Eric Rohmer, Jacques Rivette. The term was popularized in 1957 by...
Movements
Rococo develops in France at the beginning of the 18th century, after the death of Louis XIV in 1715 and during the Regency, when court life shifts towards more intimate interiors. Antoine Watteau, François Boucher, Jean-Honoré Fragonard, Nicolas Lancret...
Movements